Across India, Muslim women are increasingly becoming targets of a sophisticated and terrifying form of digital violence: AI-generated deepfakes. For individuals like Samreen Ayoub, a freelance model from Kashmir, the impact was visceral. Ayoub discovered a viral Instagram video that used AI-generated audio and manipulated personal photographs to construct a false narrative, branding her as a sex worker and her brother as her “pimp.” This incident, which mirrors a broader, disturbing trend, demonstrates how easily everyday social media footprints can be weaponized to ruin reputations and incite real-world harm.
The scale of this epidemic is confirmed by extensive data. Research from the Center for the Study of Organized Hate (CSOH) analyzed over 1,300 AI-generated images and videos, revealing that sexualized depictions of Muslim women generated more than 6.7 million interactions. These creators leverage AI to convert “sexual fantasy into imagery” at zero cost and high speed, bypassing the need for technical expertise. Organizations like the RATI Foundation confirm that while high-profile cases garner media attention, hundreds of private citizens are suffering in silence, paralyzed by the shame and trauma inherent in this specific type of targeted abuse.
This phenomenon is frequently described as the “pornification of politics,” where sexualized imagery is used as a tool for communal dominance. Academic research suggests that these attacks are not random acts of misogyny but part of a structured ecosystem of online hate. By portraying Muslim women in abusive or submissive roles—often juxtaposed with “Hindu-coded” men—perpetrators aim to assert ideological superiority and strip these women of their dignity. Scholars emphasize that this reflects a strategic effort to “other” and dehumanize Muslim minorities, turning their bodies into digital battlegrounds for political and social control.
The rise of generative AI has significantly amplified the reach and severity of harassment that predates such technology, such as the infamous “Sulli Deals” and “Bulli Bai” auctions. Activist Afreen Fatima, who has endured years of threats, describes how these digital attacks create a “fear psychosis” that forces women to change how they navigate public spaces. The ease with which anyone can now transform a personal photograph into pornographic content has created a constant, looming threat that makes even routine activities, like traveling alone, feel dangerous for many Muslim women.
The psychological and professional toll on survivors is catastrophic. Victims report that their careers are derailed, mental health is decimated, and their once-celebrated online presence becomes a source of dread. Despite the severity of these violations, systemic recourse remains frustratingly absent. Law enforcement agencies often fail to take substantive action, and the burden of removal is placed entirely upon the victims, who must rely on mass-reporting campaigns to force platforms to take down content. For many, justice is never found, leaving the perpetrators anonymous and emboldened.
Ultimately, India’s current legal framework proves woefully inadequate to address the evolving nature of AI-driven abuse. Existing laws, such as the Information Technology Act, often fail to recognize the harm caused by entirely synthetic, non-consensual imagery. Legal experts argue that while platforms benefit from “safe harbor” protections, they offer little structural assistance to victims seeking to remove deepfakes. Without comprehensive legal reform, better platform accountability, and a shift in digital culture, AI-generated hate will continue to outpace existing protections, leaving countless women targeted, vulnerable, and without a path to justice.