Singapore Grapples with AI-Driven Misinformation in the Age of Deepfakes: A Call for a Resilient Information Ecosystem
Singapore’s recent general election (GE2025) served as a stark reminder of the escalating threat posed by artificial intelligence (AI)-generated misinformation, highlighting the urgent need for a robust and resilient information ecosystem. Josephine Teo, Minister for Communications and Information, addressed these concerns at the Singapore Press Club Awards 2025, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving digital landscape. While Singapore largely avoided a surge in malicious deepfakes or widespread coordinated misinformation campaigns during GE2025, the compressed nine-day campaign period amplified the risks inherent in the rapid dissemination of synthetic media. The ease with which hyper-realistic AI-generated videos and audio clips can be created poses a significant threat to the integrity of elections and public discourse, echoing similar experiences in other countries grappling with disruptive deepfake campaigns.
Legislative Safeguards and Public Vigilance: A Multi-Pronged Approach to Combating Misinformation
In response to the emerging threat of AI-manipulated content, Singapore implemented new protective measures under the Elections (Integrity of Online Advertising) (Amendment) Act (ELIONA). This legislation prohibits digitally altered election content that misrepresents a candidate’s speech or actions, holding candidates directly accountable for content declarations and imposing severe penalties for false submissions, including the potential invalidation of election results. A high-profile case involving a deepfake criticizing the government underscored the seriousness of this issue, prompting a police report by President Halimah Yacob. Despite these concerns, the majority of AI-generated content during GE2025 remained relatively innocuous, largely due to heightened public vigilance and swift action by authorities and social media users in flagging and debunking suspicious content. This collective effort highlights the importance of public awareness and engagement in combating misinformation.
Beyond Legislation: Strengthening the “Infrastructure of Fact” and Empowering Trusted Media
While legislative frameworks like ELIONA and the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA) provide crucial safeguards, Minister Teo emphasized that laws alone are insufficient to stem the tide of misinformation. POFMA’s corrections-based approach, which prioritizes flagging and correcting falsehoods rather than outright removal, allows misleading content to circulate rapidly, often outpacing efforts to debunk or contextualize it. The long-term strategy for Singapore, as outlined by Minister Teo, involves strengthening the “infrastructure of fact” to bolster public trust in institutions and credible sources of information. Public service media organizations play a crucial role in this endeavor, consistently ranking among the most trusted globally. A Reuters Digital News Report indicated that 75% of Singaporeans trust The Straits Times and 74% trust CNA, significantly exceeding the global average of 40%. This underscores the importance of maintaining high journalistic standards and adapting to the changing media landscape.
Embracing Technological Advancements While Upholding Journalistic Integrity: The Role of Public Service Media
Singapore’s public service media organizations have demonstrated a commitment to innovation and adaptability, leveraging cutting-edge technology to enhance their coverage and reach wider audiences. During GE2025, SPH Media utilized its virtual production facility, Studio+65, while Mediacorp integrated AI-powered translation and subtitling tools to improve accessibility. CNA employed geospatial data for interactive urban stories, and The Straits Times harnessed machine learning for dynamic infographics. These technological advancements enabled newsrooms to provide comprehensive coverage across various platforms, keeping citizens informed and engaged. However, Minister Teo stressed that while technology plays a vital role, quality content remains the cornerstone of credible journalism. Insightful analysis, accuracy, and purposeful storytelling are essential to distinguish reliable reporting from the noise and clickbait prevalent in the digital sphere. Continued investment in journalistic talent and a focus on underreported issues are crucial for serving diverse communities effectively.
The Threat of Coordinated Disinformation Campaigns: Vigilance Against Foreign Interference
Concerns surrounding AI-generated misinformation escalated during GE2025 with the discovery of over 20 fake social media accounts on Facebook and Instagram disseminating misleading political content. Many of these accounts employed AI-generated images to impersonate Singaporean citizens, creating a deceptive veneer of authenticity. These posts frequently targeted candidates with false or negative claims, emerging shortly after Nomination Day, raising concerns about potential coordinated disinformation campaigns. The Ministry of Digital Development and Information (MDDI) confirmed its ongoing monitoring of such accounts for signs of foreign interference, pledging to take action against content that violates Singaporean laws. This incident highlights the need for constant vigilance and proactive measures to detect and counter coordinated disinformation campaigns, especially during critical periods like elections.
Safeguarding Trust in a Fragmented Information Landscape: The Enduring Importance of Credible Media
In closing, Minister Teo reaffirmed the vital role of trusted media as a cornerstone of nation-building, particularly as Singapore navigates an increasingly complex and fragmented global information environment. The ability to discern credible information from misinformation is crucial for informed decision-making and maintaining social cohesion. The ongoing challenge of combating AI-driven misinformation requires a multi-faceted approach, encompassing legislative safeguards, public awareness campaigns, technological innovation, and a steadfast commitment to upholding journalistic integrity. By investing in these areas, Singapore aims to strengthen its information ecosystem and ensure that its citizens are equipped to navigate the complexities of the digital age.