U.S. Immigration Vetting Enters the Digital Age: Social Media Scrutiny Intensifies
The United States government is significantly expanding its surveillance capabilities, turning to social media platforms as a key source of information for vetting immigrants, foreign visitors, and potentially even U.S. citizens. This shift towards digital scrutiny marks a new era in immigration enforcement, raising concerns about privacy, free speech, and the potential for bias in automated decision-making. Driven by national security concerns and a desire for more comprehensive applicant assessments, the government is deploying an array of tools, including advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI), to examine the online lives of millions. This expansion represents a significant departure from traditional vetting methods, which primarily relied on background checks and in-person interviews.
The visa application process has undergone a dramatic transformation since 2019. Now, all applicants for U.S. visas, both immigrant and non-immigrant, totaling approximately 14 million individuals annually, are required to disclose their social media account information. This mandatory disclosure policy, initially implemented by the Trump administration, has laid the groundwork for the current, more technologically advanced approach. The government is increasingly leveraging AI tools to analyze this vast trove of data, flagging potential concerns and expediting the identification of individuals deemed to pose a risk. One such initiative, reportedly called "Catch and Revoke," involved the State Department using AI to target student visa holders who expressed pro-Palestinian views online. While the State Department has remained tight-lipped about the specific technologies employed, it has affirmed its commitment to utilizing "all available tools" to review potentially concerning information. This broad mandate leaves open the possibility of further expansion of social media surveillance in the future.
Beyond visa applications, social media activity is becoming a crucial factor in various other immigration processes. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), a component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), recently announced that antisemitic social media activity could be grounds for denying immigration benefits. This policy reflects a growing trend of considering online behavior as a reflection of an individual’s character and suitability for immigration status. Furthermore, USCIS has proposed a new rule that would require applicants seeking asylum, naturalization, or other immigration benefits to provide their social media usernames. This proposal, which could impact millions, has sparked widespread debate about the balance between national security and individual privacy rights. The public comment period on this proposed policy closed on May 5, 2024, and the final decision on its implementation is still pending.
The technological infrastructure underpinning this social media surveillance is complex and multifaceted. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) utilizes a system known as SocialNet, developed by ShadowDragon, which aggregates data from over 200 platforms, including major social networks, dating apps, and even gaming sites. ShadowDragon maintains that its tools do not employ AI and are designed solely to collect publicly available data, leaving the interpretation of this data to human analysts. However, the sheer volume of data collected raises questions about the potential for human error and bias. In addition to SocialNet, more than 11,000 ICE agents reportedly use LexisNexis Risk Solutions technology for screening and targeting individuals for deportation. This technology provides access to vast databases of personal information, allowing ICE agents to build comprehensive profiles of individuals and track their online activities.
The DHS is continuing to expand its arsenal of digital surveillance tools. The department’s April 2025 AI inventory update confirmed that U.S. Customs and Border Protection is using an AI tool called Babel X to collect public social media and open-source data for screening travelers. Babel X represents a further step towards automating the screening process, relying on AI to analyze vast amounts of data and identify potential risks. While the use of AI promises increased efficiency, it also raises concerns about the potential for algorithmic bias and the lack of transparency in automated decision-making. The expansion of social media surveillance into various stages of the immigration process highlights the growing role of technology in shaping immigration policy.
While the stated focus of these surveillance efforts is on immigrants and foreign visitors, legal experts warn that the reach of these policies could extend to U.S. citizens indirectly. For instance, individuals applying for permanent residency are required to disclose social media information not only for themselves but also for their immediate family members, who may be U.S. citizens. This requirement raises the possibility of U.S. citizens being subjected to government scrutiny based on the online activity of their family members. This potential spillover effect underscores the broader implications of expanding government surveillance in the digital age, raising concerns about the erosion of privacy rights for all individuals, regardless of their immigration status. The shift towards increased reliance on social media data for immigration vetting raises profound questions about the future of privacy and free speech in the digital age. As the government continues to refine its technological capabilities and expand the scope of its surveillance efforts, it is crucial to ensure a balance between national security interests and the fundamental rights of individuals. The ongoing debate surrounding these policies underscores the need for careful consideration of the ethical and legal implications of using social media data in immigration decisions.
