The Escalating Threat of Disinformation: A Transatlantic Perspective
In an increasingly interconnected world, the proliferation of disinformation poses a significant threat to democratic societies. Defined as intentionally false or misleading information designed to deceive and manipulate, disinformation erodes trust, fuels societal division, and blurs the lines between truth and falsehood. This insidious phenomenon is amplified by the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and the fragmented information landscape of social media. While no nation is immune to its effects, open and pluralistic societies are particularly vulnerable, as their core values of freedom of information and expression can be exploited by malicious actors.
The contrasting cases of Estonia and France highlight the pervasive nature of this threat. Estonia, a small Baltic nation with a history of foreign interference, has emerged as a leader in countering disinformation, particularly after a major Russian cyberattack in 2007. France, a major European power, has also grappled with disinformation campaigns, notably during recent presidential elections and in connection with the Paris Olympics. Despite their differences in size and history, both nations face similar challenges in addressing this evolving threat, often stemming from similar perpetrators employing comparable techniques. This shared experience underscores the need for international collaboration and the exchange of best practices to combat disinformation effectively.
The "France and Estonia – Together Against Disinformation" (FREETAD) project, launched in 2024, exemplifies such collaborative efforts. Funded by NATO’s Public Diplomacy Division, FREETAD aims to raise public awareness and foster cross-border collaboration among Estonian and French academia, public institutions, and civil society. By facilitating the exchange of knowledge and expertise, the project equips both societies with the tools to respond more effectively to disinformation campaigns and strengthen democratic resilience. The project’s comparative approach, engaging multiple target groups, including university students and policymakers, highlights the importance of a multi-faceted strategy involving education, awareness, and cross-border cooperation.
The manipulation of narratives and the exploitation of existing societal divisions are central tactics in disinformation campaigns. The case of former Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas demonstrates how disinformation can be used to discredit individuals and undermine their credibility on the international stage. Following her nomination as EU High Representative, Kallas became the target of a Kremlin-led disinformation campaign that distorted a family photo and fabricated false claims about her background. This incident underscores the need for rapid response mechanisms and effective fact-checking initiatives to counter the spread of false narratives. Estonia’s robust approach to combating disinformation, rooted in its "total defense" strategy and comprehensive public education programs, serves as a model for other nations.
The emergence of fabricated “information portals,” such as the “Portal Kombat” network in France, highlights the evolving sophistication of disinformation campaigns. This network disseminated pro-Russian propaganda aimed at undermining French support for Ukraine, demonstrating how bad actors exploit the digital landscape to spread false narratives and manipulate public opinion. France’s response, through the establishment of VIGINUM, its agency responsible for monitoring and countering foreign digital interference, exemplifies a proactive approach to addressing this challenge. VIGINUM’s focus on detecting the source of disinformation, rather than correcting the information itself, emphasizes the importance of empowering citizens with critical thinking skills and promoting informed public debate.
Combating disinformation requires a multi-pronged approach that encompasses both short-term and long-term strategies. In the short term, rapid response measures, such as scaling fact-checking services and collaborating with media platforms, are crucial to limit the spread of false information. Promoting public engagement and pluralism, fostering critical dialogue, and strengthening connections between citizens and democratic institutions are essential for building societal resilience. In the long term, investing in robust media literacy education, starting in early childhood, is fundamental to equipping future generations with the critical thinking skills needed to navigate the complex information landscape. Promoting a strong journalistic culture grounded in transparency, ethics, and accountability helps build a trusted media ecosystem that supports democratic resilience.
The escalating threat of disinformation demands international collaboration and the sharing of best practices among democratic nations. The experiences of Estonia and France, as well as initiatives like FREETAD, highlight the importance of cross-border cooperation and the exchange of expertise in countering this shared challenge. In an interconnected world, where information flows freely across borders, a collective and coordinated response is essential to safeguarding democratic values and institutions. The ongoing challenges posed by disinformation require a continuous effort to adapt and innovate, ensuring that democratic societies remain resilient in the face of this evolving threat.
