The Looming Climate Crisis: A Decade of Disinformation and the Urgent Need for Action
Ten years ago, the world united under the Paris Agreement, pledging to limit global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. This landmark accord, signed by 195 countries, aimed to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. Yet, a decade later, the climate crisis has intensified, with the first 12-month period exceeding the 1.5°C threshold occurring between February 2023 and January 2024. This alarming trend, exacerbated by the El Niño weather pattern, underscores a stark disconnect between global climate commitments and the reality of escalating emissions. The urgency of the situation demands immediate action, yet progress is hampered by a pervasive wave of climate misinformation and disinformation.
A comprehensive review of 300 scientific studies, conducted between 2015 and 2025, reveals a disturbing trend: the deliberate spread of misleading information is obstructing and delaying effective responses to the climate crisis. This disinformation campaign, orchestrated by powerful economic and political interests, including fossil fuel companies, certain political parties, governments, and nation-states, aims to undermine public trust in climate science and obstruct the implementation of necessary policies. These actors often operate through opaque alliances, utilizing well-funded think tanks to spread their deceptive narratives. The public’s access to accurate climate information is crucial for informed decision-making and collective action. Without access to reliable information, effectively addressing the climate crisis and safeguarding the future of our planet becomes an insurmountable challenge.
The tactics employed by these disinformation agents have evolved. Outright denial of climate change has largely been replaced by a more insidious strategy of “strategic skepticism.” This approach downplays the severity of climate change impacts, casting doubt on the urgency of action and promoting inaction. This calculated tactic has delayed crucial mitigation efforts, hindered adaptation strategies, particularly for extreme weather events, and eroded public confidence in science-based solutions. The consequences of this disinformation campaign are far-reaching, impacting both public opinion and policymaking. Conspiracy theories, a common tool of disinformation, further erode trust in climate science and the institutions responsible for translating scientific evidence into policy.
The dissemination of climate misinformation transcends traditional media channels. While newspapers and television stations continue to play a role, social media platforms and corporate sustainability reports have emerged as significant conduits for disseminating deceptive narratives. Greenwashing, the practice of making false or misleading claims about the environmental benefits of products or services, is rampant in corporate communications, further obfuscating the truth about climate change. All segments of society are targeted by these disinformation campaigns, but elected officials, civil servants, and other decision-makers are particularly vulnerable. These individuals hold key positions in the communication chains that shape policy decisions, making them prime targets for manipulation through biased policy briefs and lobbying efforts.
Despite the challenges posed by climate misinformation, the research also highlights several avenues for fostering public understanding and promoting political action on climate change. Robust legislation is crucial for ensuring public and policymaker access to accurate, consistent, and transparent climate information. This includes mandating standardized reporting of carbon footprints by both private corporations and public institutions, as well as requiring digital platforms and other media outlets to label misleading climate information. Legal action against companies engaging in greenwashing and other deceptive practices is another essential tool for combating disinformation. Lawsuits based on consumer fraud statutes, for example, can hold these actors accountable for their misleading claims.
Building broad coalitions across national borders and encompassing private, public, and civil society sectors can effectively counter the influence of powerful economic and political interests. These coalitions can leverage local knowledge and promote grassroots participation, empowering communities to combat disinformation at the local level. Expanding and deepening scientific and media literacy through targeted educational programs is equally vital. These programs can empower citizens and policymakers to critically evaluate information, distinguish between credible sources and misinformation, and make informed decisions. Finally, addressing knowledge gaps is crucial. The scarcity of research on climate misinformation in regions like Africa necessitates increased research efforts led by local scholars to understand the unique challenges and develop tailored solutions.
The 2025 UN Climate Change Conference (COP30) in Brazil presents a critical opportunity for global action. Brazil’s leadership in spearheading the Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change is a vital first step in addressing the global crisis of information integrity. The window of opportunity to avert a climate catastrophe is rapidly closing. Political leaders, scientists, and citizens must collaborate to confront both the climate crisis and the disinformation crisis that impedes progress. Ensuring access to accurate and actionable climate information is paramount for effectively responding to and ultimately solving the climate crisis. The time for decisive action is now.
